Plasma-milled sandwich-structured Si/C anodes from natural graphite tailings for high-performance lithium-ion batteries

A sustainable plasma milling strategy yields sandwich-structured NGT–pSi anodes from natural graphite tailings and porous silicon. A 1.25 Ah NGT–pSi//NCA90 pouch cell achieves 80.75% capacity retention after 500 cycles at 0.5C and powers a cellphone.