A Review of Perovskite Solar Cells: Structure, Materials, and Fabrication

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are among the most inspiring technologies regarding the future of solar energy due to their flexible design, low cost, and high-power conversion efficiency (PCE). This review highlights the structure, working principle, different perovskite materials, and fabrication methods used in PSCs. Materials such as hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (like MAPbI₃, FAPbI₃), all-inorganic compounds (CsPbI₃), and lead-free alternatives (e.g., Sn and Bi-based perovskites) have been reviewed. Significant improvements have been made over the past decade in both material composition and device fabrication. Several low-cost fabrication methods like Solution processing, Thermal Evaporation and Chemical vapor deposition are also reviewed for their impact on device performance and scalability. With rapid progress in both materials and fabrication techniques, PSCs show great potential for next-generation solar energy solutions.