Regulatory mechanisms of fruit ripening: an insight from DNA, histone, and RNA modifications

Abstract Complex regulatory networks formed by epigenetic modifications such as DNA, histones, and RNA can influence gene expression without altering DNA sequences, participating in ripening processes and quality changes in fruits. Although significant progress has been made in understanding epigenetic modifications and their roles in fruit ripening, the regulatory network underlying these complex relationships remains incompletely elucidated. Here, we summarize the key molecular regulatory networks involving DNA, histone, and RNA modifications in fruit ripening and secondary metabolite changes in recent years; review the research applications of epigenetic modification inhibitors and omics technologies, elucidating their advantages and limitations; and ultimately propose a comprehensive strategic model for future studies on epigenetic modification regulation of fruit ripening. These findings not only deepen our understanding of epigenetic modifications during fruit ripening, but also raise new questions and research directions. It provides a deeper understanding of the ripening process and quality changes in fruits, offering insights for new strategies in fruit production and integrated regulation.