Topological hydrogels for 3D organic electrochemical transistors

Hydrogels are promising candidates for soft electronics because they could replicate the ionic and mechanical characteristics of living tissues. However, their potential as volumetric electronic media has remained limited by the absence of materials capable of supporting thick three-dimensional (3D) modulation. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) provide mixed ionic and electronic transport but are currently constrained to two-dimensional (2D) thin films due to incomplete ion penetration in thicker channels.