A review of low thermal damage technologies in electrosurgery

Electrosurgery is widely applied for precise tissue cutting and coagulation through high-frequency electrical energy, yet it carries the risk of collateral thermal injury. This review examines emerging strategies to mitigate such damage, including cooling systems, real-time temperature monitoring, pulsed cutting, and laseror ultrasoundassisted techniques. By improving temperature regulation, enhancing feedback accuracy, and enabling adaptive power control, these innovations reduce heat diffusion and tissue charring, thereby enhancing surgical safety and outcomes.