Enhanced proliferation and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in the gravity‐controlled environment

Abstract Background Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) present a promising cell source with the potential to be used for curing various intractable diseases, and it is expected that the development of regenerative medicine employing cell‐based therapy would be significantly accelerated when such methods are established. For that, powerful methods for selective growth and differentiation of hMSCs should be developed. Methods We developed an efficient method for hMSC proliferation and differentiation into osteoblasts and adipocytes using gravity‐controlled environments. Results The results indicate that the average doubling time of hMSCs cultured in a regular maintenance medium under microgravity conditions (0.001 G) was 1.5 times shorter than that of cells cultured under natural gravity conditions (1.0 G). Furthermore, 99.2% of cells grown in the microgravity environment showed the expression of hMSC markers, as indicated by flow cytometry analysis. Osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of hMSCs expanded in the microgravity environment was enhanced under microgravity and hypergravity conditions, respectively, as evidenced by the downregulation of hMSC markers and upregulation of osteoblast and adipocyte markers, respectively. Most cells differentiated into osteoblasts in the microgravity environment after 14 days (~80%) and adipocytes in the hypergravity environment after 12 days (~90%). Conclusions Our results indicate that hMSC proliferation and selective differentiation into specific cell lineages could be promoted under microgravity or hypergravity conditions, suggesting that cell culture in the gravity‐controlled environment is a useful method to obtain cell preparations for potential clinical applications.