Fully inkjet-printed large-scale photoelectrodes

Small-area photoelectrodes are used to study fundamental science and material development for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting cells at the laboratory scale. For practical applications, however, one needs to develop scalable geometrical designs and architectures of large photoelectrodes as well as their fabrication using low-cost, solution-processed, scalable methods. In this perspective, we first discuss the device physics concepts for developing large photoelectrodes using dimensional engineering (size, geometry, shape, and structures) and scalable architectures (such as symmetric and asymmetric designs with gridlines as well as monolithically integrated modules with interconnections), similar to the earlier development of large thin-film photovoltaic cells. Finally, we propose a novel and strategic protocol to fabricate these designs for the development of large-photoelectrode modules via commercially deployable, fully inkjet-printing as a solution processed thin-film deposition method.