Trimethylamine N-oxide Impairs Oocyte Maturation and Embryogenesis via NF-κB/NLRP3 Pathway Modulation

BACKGROUND: The role of Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in oocyte maturation and embryogenesis remains unclear, particularly its impact on ovarian granulosa cells (OGCs) and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS: and in a BALB/c mouse model. The involvement of the NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway in TMAO-induced ovarian dysfunction was assessed using Western blotting and gene expression analyses. The potential therapeutic effect of miRNA-146, an NF-κB inhibitor, was also explored. RESULTS: Western blotting confirmed that TMAO activates the NF-κB signaling pathway and induces the synthesis of caspase 3 and NLRP3 complexes. However, pretreatment with miRNA-146, an NF-κB inhibitor, significantly reduced inflammation and inflammatory gene expression during TMAO therapy. Additionally, miRNA-146 pretreatment promoted oocyte maturation by suppressing NF-κB/NLRP3 activation, OGCs apoptotic inflammatory factor expression, and the gene expression of NF-κB, caspase 3, and NLRP3. CONCLUSION: Findings demonstrate that TMAO disrupts oocyte development through NF- κB/NLRP3 activation, contributing to ovarian dysfunction. Notably, targeting TMAO and its downstream signaling could serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for premature ovarian insufficiency (POI).