Chronic cold exposure causes left ventricular hypertrophy that appears to be physiological

ABSTRACT Exposure to winter cold causes an increase in energy demands to meet the challenge of thermoregulation. In small rodents, this increase in cardiac output leads to a profound cardiac hypertrophy, 2–3 times that typically seen with exercise training. The nature of this hypertrophy and its relevance to winter mortality remains unclear. Our goal was to characterize cold-induced cardiac hypertrophy and to assess its similarity to either exercise-induced (physiological) hypertrophy or the pathological hypertrophy of hypertension. We hypothesized that cold-induced hypertrophy will most closely resemble exercise-induced hypertrophy, but be another unique pathway for physiological cardiac growth. We found that cold-induced hypertrophy was largely reversed after a return to warm temperatures. Further, metabolic rates were elevated while gene expression and mitochondrial enzyme activities indicative of pathology were absent. A gene expression panel comparing hearts of exercised and cold-exposed mice further suggests that these activities are similar, although not identical. In conclusion, we found that chronic cold led to a phenotype that most closely resembled physiological hypertrophy, with enhanced metabolic rate, without induction of fetal genes, but with decreased expression of genes associated with fatty acid oxidation, suggesting that heart failure is not a cause of winter mortality in small rodents and identifying a novel approach for the study of cardiac growth.