Recent advances on neutrophil dysregulation in the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases

Purpose of review The exact pathogenic mechanisms of rheumatic diseases (RMD) remain largely unknown. Increasing evidence highlights a pathogenic role of neutrophil dysregulation in the development of RMD. Recent findings The purpose of this review is to present a current overview of recent advancements in understanding the role of neutrophil dysfunction in the development of RMD. Additionally, this review will discuss strategies for targeting pathways associated with neutrophil dysregulation as potential treatments for RMD. One specific aspect of neutrophil dysregulation, known as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), will be explored. NETs have been found to contribute to chronic pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis, as well as serve as DNA scaffolds for binding autoantigens, including both citrullinated and carbamylated autoantigens. Putative therapies, such as 6-gingerol or defibrotide, have demonstrated beneficial effects in the treatment of RMD by suppressing NETs formation. Summary Recent advances have significantly reinforced the crucial role of neutrophil dysregulation in the pathogenesis of RMD. A deeper understanding of the potential mechanisms underlying this pathogenic process would aid in the development of more precise and effective targeting strategies, thus ultimately improving the outcomes of RMD.