Inhalation of Mesenchymal-Stem-Cell-Derived Nanovesicles Delivering Catalase Enhances the Treatment for Acute Lung Injury

into water and oxygen, exhibiting potent antioxidant properties. Meanwhile, MSCNVs contained inherent mesenchymal-stem-cell-derived factors, including transforming growth factor-β, interleukin-10, hepatocyte growth factor, and so on, which proved immunomodulatory and regenerative capabilities in clinical studies. Inhalation of MSCNVs@CAT facilitated targeted pulmonary delivery and elicited potent therapeutic effects by the synergistic interplay of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and reparative functions. Consequently, MSCNVs@CAT restored inflammatory homeostasis in ALI by balancing the pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory immune responses and repairing the alveolar-capillary barriers. The mechanisms are primarily associated with the NF-κB and cell-cell junction signaling pathways. Overall, this study presented potent inhalable nanotherapeutics for treating ALI, which possessed significant translational potential for the effective and safe treatment of pneumonia.