Electrochemical Biosensors Combined with Nanomaterial Signal Amplification for the Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarkers in Blood

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized by cognitive decline and behavioral impairments, typically manifesting in the elderly and presenile population. With the rapid global aging trend, early diagnosis and treatment of AD have become increasingly urgent research priorities. The primary pathological features of AD include excessive accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques, the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal loss. Conventional diagnostic techniques, such as positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, are limited by their high cost and invasiveness. As a result, there is growing interest in developing blood-based biomarker assays for AD detection. Electrochemical biosensors offer notable advantages in this context, including high sensitivity, low cost, and minimally invasive sampling. However, due to the extremely low concentrations of AD-related biomarkers in blood, signal amplification is necessary. The incorporation of nanomaterials significantly enhances the sensitivity and performance of the electrochemical biosensors. This Perspective highlights the application of various nanomaterial-enhanced electrochemical biosensors in the early diagnosis and disease monitoring of AD, underscoring their potential in advancing AD prevention, diagnosis, and therapeutic strategies.