MXene‐Derived g‐C3N5/TiO2/Ti3C2 Nanoheterostructure Activated by Peroxymonosulfate for Photocatalytic Tetracycline Degradation under Visible Light

Photocatalysis‐assisted peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation is a promising technology for the degradation of antibiotics in water remediation. Herein, MXene‐derived oxide (TiO2) and g‐C3N5 Z‐scheme ternary heterojunction photocatalytic composite materials are synthesized using an electrostatic self‐assembly approach and characterized. The optimized g‐C3N5/TiO2/Ti3C2 (CNTT) heterostructure demonstrates exceptional photocatalytic activity for tetracycline (TC) removal, achieving 90% degradation within 60 min at an optimal g‐C3N5:TiO2/Ti3C2 mass ratio of 3:2. Remarkably, the system exhibits broad pH adaptability (80.8–96.3% TC removal across pH 2–12), overcoming the pH sensitivity limitations of traditional PMS‐based processes. Mechanistic investigations reveal a synergistic photocatalysis‐PMS activation pathway, with quenching experiments confirming , ·OH, ·, and 1O2, as dominant reactive species. The CNTT composite maintains 65.2% degradation efficiency after five cycles, demonstrating robust stability. Coexisting ions negatively influence TC removal in the order: H2PO4− > > Cl− > > . This work establishes the CNTT heterostructure as a promising, environmentally tolerant candidate for efficient pharmaceutical pollutant remediation in complex aqueous matrices.