Ginseng fruit rare saponins (GFRS), a promising anti-wrinkle agent: Evidence of its antioxidant effect and its capacity to prevent matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) expression in vitro and in vivo

Rare saponins show numerous significant biological activities, however, there has been no research on using ginseng fruit rare saponins (GFRS) to minimize skin wrinkles. This paper studied the anti-wrinkle effect, related mechanism, material basis of efficacy, and structure-activity relationship of GFRS in vivo and in vitro. The findings demonstrate that GFRS has potent collagenase and elastase inhibition capabilities in addition to superior ultraviolet absorption properties. Secondly, GFRS can strengthen the endogenous antioxidant defense system, thus lessening the UVB-induced ultraviolet damage that L929 cells and zebrafish experience. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) studies have shown that GFRS could significantly inhibit the UVB-induced MMP1 and MMP9 proteins production. Finally, the main ginsenoside component in GFRS was identified by LC-MS, and 16 kinds of ginsenoside were analyzed, including rare ginsenoside such as Rg6, F4, and R/S-Rg3, which may be caused by the transformation of prototype saponins Re and Rd caused by citric acid heat treatment (CAHT). After doing a quantitative HPLC analysis on twelve of them, it was discovered that CAHT could enrich the content of rare saponins in GFS. By evaluating these ginsenoside's anti-wrinkle properties. It is found that the main material basis for GFRS's anti-wrinkle action may be ginsenoside Rg6 or F4. In summary, GFRS exhibits promising properties as an anti-wrinkle treatment because of its robust anti-oxidation, anti-collagenase, anti-elastase activity, favorable ultraviolet absorption effect, and capacity to regulate MMPs in vivo and in vitro models.