S-shaped Relationships in Management Research: Theorizing,Testing, and Research Opportunities

This study posits that S-shaped curves provide a model that is more nuanced than traditional linear or simple curvilinear models for capturing complex non-linear dynamics between antecedents and outcomes and then explores the theoretical foundations, empirical testing procedures, and research opportunities associated with S-shaped relationships in management research. Gaps in existing literature are highlighted with a focus on the lack of theoretical explanation describing the underlying mechanisms of S-shaped relationships. A conceptual framework is developed that disaggregates the S-curve into U-shaped, linear, and inverted U-shaped segments, and provides methodological guidance for testing these relationships using regression analysis and simple slope tests. The paper contributes to the field by offering a theoretical rationale for S-shaped relationships, presenting a framework for their application, and detailing empirical strategies for distinguishing between different forms of S-curves. It also identifies key areas for future research, including cross-level analysis, multi-phase models, and longitudinal studies.