AuNP/Cu-TCPP(Fe) metal–organic framework nanofilm: a paper-based electrochemical sensor for non-invasive detection of lactate in sweat

Effective and real-time detection of lactate (LA) content in human sweat has attracted considerable attention from researchers. In this work, a novel electrochemical paper-based analysis device (ePAD) was developed for the non-invasive detection of LA in sweat. The electrocatalytic properties of AuNP/Cu-TCPP(Fe) hybrid nanosheets, which were prepared by an optimised synthetic method, were studied by CV and EIS electrochemical methods for the first time and the working electrode can be fabricated using a drip coating method. The lactate sensor was optimised and validated for usability, adoptability and interpretability. To the best of our knowledge, this was the fastest, lowest detection line and widest linear range method reported to date for the detection of lactate. It achieved the detection limit of 0.91 pM and a linear range from 0.013 nM to 100 mM. The dual catalytic effects of the hybrid NSs shortened the detection time by nearly two times and enhanced the sensitivity approximately two times, an accuracy unmatched until now. Furthermore, this sensor was employed for LA analysis and validated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The ePAD shows superior biocompatibility, accuracy, and high sensitivity and can be easily manufactured. Hence, it is applicable for the long-term monitoring of sweat LA concentrations in point-of-care testing, athletic testing of athletes and military personnel and other subjects in different extreme environments.