Vacancy Engineering in 2D Transition Metal Chalcogenide Photocatalyst: Structure Modulation, Function and Synergy Application

Abstract Transition metal chalcogenides (TMCs) are widely used in photocatalytic fields such as hydrogen evolution, nitrogen fixation, and pollutant degradation due to their suitable bandgaps, tunable electronic and optical properties, and strong reducing ability. The unique 2D malleability structure provides a pre‐designed platform for customizable structures. The introduction of vacancy engineering makes up for the shortcomings of photocorrosion and limited light response and provides the greatest support for TMCs in terms of kinetics and thermodynamics in photocatalysis. This work reviews the effect of vacancy engineering on photocatalytic performance based on 2D semiconductor TMCs. The characteristics of vacancy introduction strategies are summarized, and the development of photocatalysis of vacancy engineering TMCs materials in energy conversion, degradation, and biological applications is reviewed. The contribution of vacancies in the optical range and charge transfer kinetics is also discussed from the perspective of structure manipulation. Vacancy engineering not only controls and optimizes the structure of the TMCs, but also improves the optical properties, charge transfer, and surface properties. The synergies between TMCs vacancy engineering and atomic doping, other vacancies, and heterojunction composite techniques are discussed in detail, followed by a summary of current trends and potential for expansion.