NLRP3 inflammasome driven liver injury and fibrosis: Roles of IL‐17 and TNF in mice

The NLRP3 inflammasome, a caspase‐1 activation platform, plays a key role in the modulation of liver inflammation and fibrosis. Here, we tested the hypothesis that interleukin 17 (IL‐17) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are key cytokines involved in amplifying and perpetuating the liver damage and fibrosis resulting from NLRP3 activation. To address this hypothesis, gain‐of‐function Nlrp3 A350V knock‐in mice were bred onto il17a and Tnf knockout backgrounds allowing for constitutive Nlrp3 activation in myeloid derived cells in mice deficient in IL‐17 or TNF. Livers of Nlrp3 A350V knock‐in mice exhibited severe liver inflammatory changes characterized by infiltration with neutrophils, increased expression of chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand (CXCL) 1 and CXCL2 chemokines, activated inflammatory macrophages, and elevated levels of IL‐17 and TNF. Mutants with ablation of il17a signal showed fewer neutrophils when compared to intact Nlrp3 A350V mutants, but still significant inflammatory changes when compared to the nonmutant il17a knockout littermates. The severe inflammatory changes associated with mutant Nlrp3 were almost completely rescued by Tnf knockout in association with a marked decrease in circulating IL‐1β levels. Intact Nlrp3 A350V mutants showed changes in liver fibrosis, as evidenced by morphometric quantitation of Sirius Red staining and increased mRNA levels of profibrotic genes, including connective tissue growth factor and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1. Il17a lacking mutants exhibited amelioration of the aforementioned fibrosis, whereas Tnf ‐deficient mutants showed no signs of fibrosis when compared to littermate controls. Conclusion : Our study uncovers key roles for TNF and, to a lesser extent, IL‐17 as mediators of liver inflammation and fibrosis induced by constitutive NLRP3 inflammasome activation in myeloid‐derived cells. These findings may lead to therapeutic strategies aimed at halting the progression of liver injury and fibrogenesis in various liver pathogeneses driven by NLRP3 activation. (H epatology 2018;67:736‐749).