A Comprehensive Review of the Advancement in Recycling the Anode and Electrolyte from Spent Lithium Ion Batteries

Owing to the increasing pressure on the ecological effect of solid waste disposal and developing the need for disposal of the corresponding hazardous metals, recovery of spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs) has gain worldwide attention in recent years. Much work has been done in this regard in the past few decades, and several new, interesting, and unique methods have been developed to recycle the cathode, anode, and electrolyte. Therefore, time has come to summarize the highlights in this emerging area to facilitate young researchers. In this review, starting from the current market demand and commercial value of lithium ion batteries, we have summarized the most recent progress in the direction of recycling the cathode and anode materials and electrolyte. At the beginning, an overview of the recycling techniques is presented to grasp understanding of the topic. Later, laboratory and industrial investigations and implementation are reviewed with emphasis on anode (graphite) and electrolyte recovery. Life cycle assessment of end-of-life LIB recycling, limitations, and future efforts have also mentioned to focus on improving the efficiency of metal extraction and separation with the sustainable and systematic recycling of spent lithium ion batteries.