MXene Surface Terminations Enable Strong Metal–Support Interactions for Efficient Methanol Oxidation on Palladium

Efficient catalysis of the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) greatly determines the widespread implementation of direct methanol fuel cells. Exploring a suitable support for noble metal catalysts with regard to decreasing the mass loading and optimizing the MOR activity remains a key challenge. Herein, we achieve an over 60% activity enhancement of a palladium (Pd) catalyst by introducing a two-dimensional Ti₃C₂T_x MXene as the support compared to a commercial Pd/C catalyst. Not only are more catalytically active Pd sites exposed on the Pd/MXene catalyst while maintaining a low mass loading, but the introduction of the MXene support also significantly alters the surface electronic structure of Pd. Specifically, spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) computations indicate that sufficiently electronegative terminations of the Ti₃C₂T_x MXene surface can induce strong metal-support interactions (SMSI) with the Pd catalyst, leading to optimal methanol adsorption. This MXene-supported Pd catalyst exhibits a much higher MOR current density (12.4 mA cm^-2) than that of commercial Pd/C (7.6 mA cm^-2). Our work largely optimizes the intrinsic activity of a Pd catalyst by the utilization of MXene surface terminations, and the crucial SMSI effects revealed herein open a rational avenue to the design of more efficient noble metal catalysts for MOR.