Bifunctional D−π–A Ligand Directs Self-Organized Interface Passivation for Efficient Perovskite Photovoltaics

= 1400 h). Further fabrication of large-area (30 cm × 30 cm) perovskite submodules demonstrates the passivation efficacy of the TPA-FCA, yielding a certified efficiency of 21.93%. This work provides fundamental insights into self-organized ligands and demonstrates an applicable molecular design strategy for high-performance, stable, and scalable perovskite photovoltaics.