ROS-scavenging nanoparticles loaded with tectorigenin protect against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by interrupting the calcium/ROS-mediated pathogenic endoplasmic reticulum–Mitochondrial signaling cascade

overload. This, in turn, lowered mitochondrial ROS production and restored antioxidant defenses, collectively disrupting the feedforward calcium/ROS apoptotic cascade. These broad improvements in ER-mitochondrial homeostasis positioning PBHB@Tec as a promising ROS-responsive nanotherapy for APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.