Effect of continuous compressive force on the expression of RANKL, OPG, and VEGF in MC3T3-E1 and MLO-Y4 cells

Abstract Osteocytes, known to have mechano-sensory functions, influence the regulation of bone remodeling. However, the mechanism by which osteocytes regulate bone metabolism when mechanical forces are being applied is still unclear. Osteoclastogenesis is mainly regulated by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL); the protein osteoprotegerin (OPG) and angiogenesis also play important roles in osteogenesis. RANKL, OPG, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are thought to be key factors for bone metabolism. In this study, we examined the effect of a continuous compressive force (CF) on the expression of RANKL, OPG, and VEGF in osteoblastic murine osteocytes (MLO-Y4) and osteoblastic (MC3T3-E1) cells. Gene and protein expression levels of RANKL, OPG, and VEGF in MLO-Y4 and MC3T3-E1 cells were quantitatively determined by real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Both cell types were also subjected to a CF of 1.0 g/cm 2 for 1, 3, 6, and 12 hours. Furthermore, the effect of a stretch-activated (S-A) channel was examined by gadolinium (Gd 3+ ) administration. The ratio of gene and protein expressions of RANKL, VEGF, and RANKL/OPG in MLO-Y4 cells were significantly higher than in MC3T3-E1 cells, while the expression of OPG was significantly lower. After CF application, both cell types showed significant increases in RANKL and VEGF expression as well as the RANKL/OPG ratio. Additionally, the upregulated gene and protein levels of these factors were reduced by Gd 3+ administration. These findings suggest that osteocytes play more important roles in bone metabolism and angiogenesis than osteoblasts. Osteocytes regulate the expression of RANKL, OPG, and VEGF via the S-A channel through the response to mechanical stress.