Structure and function of snoRNAs

Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) represent an abundant group of noncoding RNAs with existence in the nucleolus of eukaryotes. Based on the conserved structure elements, the majority of snoRNAs can be divided into two families, box C/D snoRNAs and box H/ACA snoRNAs, which function on 2' -O- methylation and pseudouridylation of rRNA, respectively, through the formation of a canonical guide RNA duplex at the modification site. However, recent studies show that the complexity of the two snoRNA guide families is far beyond expectation. Dozes of novel snoRNAs target other cellular RNAs, including snRNAs, tRNAs and even mRNAs. In addition, an increasing number of orphan snoRNAs without known targets were identified, and remarkably, imprinted snoRNAs were among them, which are encoded by genomic imprinting region and expressed in a tissue-specific pattern. Furthermore, the ancient origin of these noncoding RNA families was reflected by the identification of snoRNA homologs in Archaea, and latest characterization of snoRNA retrogenes offers new perspectives to their proliferation and evolution.