Disposable screen-printed electrodes with in-built bismuth precursors for lead(II) determination by anodic stripping voltammetry

The utility of disposable screen-printed electrodes modified with three \nbismuth-precursor compounds (bismuth titanate, bismuth oxide and bismuth \naluminate) was assesed for the determination of Pb(II) by anodic stripping \nvoltammetry. It was found that, in principle, both bismuth oxide and bismuth \naluminate could be sucessfully used as bismuth precursors but the latter yielded \nhigher sensitivity for the detection of Pb(II). The instrumental parametrs for Pb(II) \ndetermination (deposition time and potential and stripping waveform mode) were \ninvestigated and the effect of different co-existing metals was studied. Using the \nselected conditions, the limit of detection for Pb(II) was 0.6 μg l−1 and the % relative \nstandard deviation at the 20 μg l−1 level was 5.2 % (n=8). The sensors were \nsucccesfully utilised for the determination of Pb(II) in tap-water.