Spatiotemporal distribution, partitioning behavior and flux of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in surface water and sediment from Poyang Lake, China

Thirty-five legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were analyzed in surface water and sediments collected from Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China. The ƩPFAS concentrations ranged from 23 to 1000 ng/L in water dissolved phase, 1.3-9.8 ng/L in suspended particulate matters, and 0.26-2.9 ng/g dry weight in sediments. Short-chain and emerging PFAS were predominant in surface water and sediments, rather than legacy perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer/trimer acid (HFPO-DA/TA), 6:2 and 8:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acids (6:2 and 8:2 Cl-PFESAs), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS), and sodium p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate (OBS) were detected in all samples, indicating that these emerging PFAS have been widely produced and used in this region. The high concentrations of HFPO-DA/TA, 6:2 FTS, 6:2, 8:2 Cl-PFESAs, and OBS in sediments and their higher water-sediment distribution coefficients than those of predecessors (PFOA or PFOS) suggest that lake sediments could be an important long-term sink for these emerging alternatives. The positive matrix factorization model demonstrated that food packaging and textile treatments (50%) and fluoropolymer manufacturing (26% for alternative sources and 8.2% for legacy sources) were the two major sources of PFAS in Poyang Lake. The influx and outflux of total PFAS in Poyang Lake were 9.0 and 12.8 ton/year, respectively, and the OBS flux was estimated for the first time. The results provide insights into the environmental behavior and fate of emerging PFAS in freshwater ecosystems.