Carbon-based and carbon-supported nanomaterials for the catalytic conversion of biomass: a review

Catalytic conversion of biomass and waste into chemicals and fuels is gaining interest to reach a circular economy. Here, we review carbon-based and carbon-supported nanocatalysts for biomass conversion with focus on catalyst types and synthesis, optimization, mechanisms and three-dimension catalytic structures. Catalystic materials include amorphous carbon, graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers.