Hybrid Nanofibrous Composites with Anisotropic Mechanics and Architecture for Tendon/Ligament Repair and Regeneration

Abstract Rupture of tendons and ligaments (T/L) is a major clinical challenge due to T/L possess anisotropic mechanical properties and hierarchical structures. Here, to imitate these characteristics, an approach is presented by fabricating hybrid nanofibrous composites. First, hybrid fiber‐reinforced yarns are fabricated via successively electrospinning poly(L‑lactide‑co‑ε‑caprolactone) (PLCL) and gelatin (Ge) nanofibers onto polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers to improve biodurability and biocompatibility. Then, by comparing different manufacturing methods, the knitted structure succeeds in simulating anisotropic mechanical properties, even being stronger than natural ligaments, and possessing comfort compliance superior to clinically used ligament advanced reinforcement system (LARS) ligament. Moreover, after inoculation with tendon‐derived stem cells and transplantation in vivo, hybrid nanofibrous composites are integrated with native tendons to guide surrounding tissue ingrowth due to the highly interconnected and porous structure. The knitted hybrid nanofibrous composites are also ligamentized and remodeled in vivo to promote tendon regeneration. Specifically, after the use of optimized anisotropic hybrid nanofibrous composites to repair tendon, the deposition of tendon‐associated extracellular matrix proteins is more significant. Thus, this study indicates a strategy of manufacturing anisotropic hybrid nanofibrous composites with superior mechanical properties and good histocompatibility for clinical reconstruction.