Present and future of cancer immunotherapy: A tumor microenvironmental perspective (Review)

Modulation of the tumor microenvironment is becoming an increasingly popular research topic in the field of immunotherapy, and studies regarding immune checkpoint blockades and cancer immunotherapy have pushed cancer immunotherapy to a climax. Simultaneously, the manipulation of the immune regulatory pathway can create an effective immunotherapy strategy; however, the tumor microenvironment serves an important role in suppressing the antitumor immunity by its significant heterogeneity. A number of patients with cancer do not have a good response to monotherapy approaches; therefore, combination strategies are required to achieve optimal therapeutic benefits. Targeting the tumor microenvironment may provide a novel strategy for immunotherapy, break down the resistance of conventional cancer therapy and produce the foundation for personalized precision medicine. The present review summarized the research regarding cancer immunotherapy from the perspective of how the tumor microenvironment affects the immune response, with the aim of proposing a novel strategy for cancer immunotherapy and combination therapy. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Formation and development of the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment 3. Heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment 4. Immunotherapies targeted to the tumor microenvironment 5. Conclusions and perspectives Present and future of cancer immunotherapy: A tumor microenvironmental perspective (Review)