Design of dense transmission diffraction gratings for high efficiency

We propose a design method for dense surface-relief diffraction gratings with high efficiency in transmission mode. Closed-form analytical relations between diffraction efficiency, polarization, and grating parameters are derived and verified in the resonance domain of diffraction under general three-dimensional angles of incidence traditionally termed conical mounting. A powerful tool for rigorous design of computer-generated holograms and diffractive optical elements with spectroscopic scale periods is now enabled.