A review on the mechanisms of fumigant action

Abstract Fumigants are broad‐spectrum pesticides that exhibit multi‐site activity and are effective against various pests including fungi, bacteria, insects, nematodes, weeds, and rodents. These chemicals are characterized by small molecular weights, low boiling points, and high vapor pressures. Because of their unique physical and chemical properties, fumigants demonstrate excellent efficacy in pest control through robust diffusion, distribution, and penetration abilities, coupled with specialized fumigation techniques. Although predominantly utilized in soil and grain fumigation, their applications also extend to quarantine and commodity fumigation. This article reviews the mechanisms of action of both traditional and emerging fumigants, such as methyl bromide, chloropicrin, phosphine, allyl isothiocyanate, dimethyl disulfide, sulfuryl fluoride, ethanedinitrile, ethyl formate, and ethylicin. The objective is to provide a theoretical foundation for ongoing research and the development of fumigants and their applications.