A drive towards green – Unsaturated polyester resins: A critical review of bio-based building blocks and reactive diluents

The urgent need to address climate change and industrial feedstock security is the reason behind the rising demand for bio-based products. Unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) is at the forefront of sustainable innovation because of its exceptional resilience, durability, and chemical resistance. A major step towards environmentally friendly UPR synthesis is marked by the novel use of bio-based building blocks and reactive diluents made from renewable resources, as highlighted in this review. In particular, a thorough investigation is conducted into the application of bio-based acids like itaconic acid, succinic acid, and muconic acid, as well as bio-based alcohols like 1,3-propanediol and sorbitol. Moreover, it is claimed that the creative use of modified plant oils and reactive diluents such as ferulic acid, itaconic acid, and sobrerol derivatives is a revolutionary development. Aqueous polyester systems are given special attention, demonstrating their promise as a sustainable substitute in UPR synthesis. This analysis lays the foundation for a revolutionary approach to sustainable material design by combining recent advancements with new avenues and potential applications for bio-based UPR. This study lays the groundwork for a more environmentally friendly future in industrial polymer production by fusing science, sustainability, and cutting-edge innovation.