Srsf3-Dependent APA Drives Macrophage Maturation and Limits Atherosclerosis

BACKGROUND: Circulating monocytes largely contribute to macrophage buildup in atheromata, which is crucial for clearing subendothelial LDLs (low-density lipoproteins) and dead cells; however, the transitional trajectory from monocytes to macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques and the underlying regulatory mechanism remain unclear. Moreover, the role of alternative polyadenylation, a posttranscriptional regulator of cell fate, in monocyte/macrophage fate decisions during atherogenesis is not entirely understood. METHODS: To identify monocyte/macrophage subtypes in atherosclerotic lesions and the effect of alternative polyadenylation on these subtypes and atherogenesis, single-cell RNA sequencing, 3′-end sequencing, flow cytometric, and histopathologic analyses were performed on plaques obtained from Apoe −/− mouse arteries with or without myeloid deletion of Srsf3 (serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 3). Cell fractionation, polysome profiling, L-azidohomoalanine metabolic labeling assay, and metabolomic profiling were conducted to disclose the underlying mechanisms. Reprogramming of widespread alternative polyadenylation patterns was estimated in human plaques via bulk RNA sequencing. RESULTS: We identified a subset of lesional cells in a monocyte-to-macrophage transitional state, which exhibited high expression of chemokines in mice. Srsf3 deletion caused a maturation delay of these transitional cells and phagocytic impairment of lesional macrophages, aggravating atherosclerosis. Mechanistically, Srsf3 deficiency shortened 3′ untranslated regions of mitochondria-associated Aars2 (alanyl-tRNA synthetase 2), disrupting its translation. The resultant impairment of protein synthesis in mitochondria led to mitochondrial dysfunction with declined NAD + (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized form) levels, activation of the integrated stress response, and metabolic reprogramming in macrophages. Administering an NAD + precursor nicotinamide mononucleotide or the integrated stress response inhibitor partially restored Srsf3 -deficient macrophage maturation, and nicotinamide mononucleotide treatment mitigated the proatherosclerotic effects of Srsf3 deficiency. Consistently, Srsf3 downregulation, global 3′ untranslated region shortening, and accumulation of these transitional macrophages were associated with atherosclerosis progression in humans. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reveals that Srsf3-dependent generation of long 3′ untranslated region is required for efficient mitochondrial translation, which promotes mature phagocytic macrophage formation, thereby playing a protective role in atherosclerosis.