Correlation and stage change of key groups and thermal effects of spontaneous coal combustion due to long-term ultraviolet illumination

This study aimed to unveil the correlation between the changes in active groups and thermal effects during the spontaneous coal combustion under prolonged ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. In situ Fourier transform–infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and microcalorimetry (C80) experiments were conducted. Thermodynamic analysis, Pearson's correlation analysis, and Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) were employed to analyze the raw coal (R0) and the coal after UV irradiation for 3, 6, 9, and 12 months (R3, R6, R9, and R12). The results indicated that UV irradiation promotes the generation of Ar-CH, –CC-, CO, and –OH, while causing the consumption of –CH3. This promoting effect gradually increases within the first 6 months and then diminishes after 6 months. A thermodynamic analysis revealed a consistent trend in the apparent activation energy during Stages I and II, where R0