Progress in in-situ electrochemical nuclear magnetic resonance for battery research

A thorough understanding of the fundamental electrochemical and chemical processes in batteries is crucial to advancing energy density and power density. However, the characterizations of such processes are complex. In-situ electrochemical nuclear magnetic resonance (EC-NMR) offers the capability to collect real-time data during battery operation, furnishing insights into the local structures and ionic dynamics of materials by monitoring changes in the chemical environment around the nuclei. EC-NMR also has the advantages of being both quantitative and non-destructive. This paper systematically reviews the design of EC-NMR approach, and delves into the applications and progress of EC-NMR concerning battery reaction mechanisms, failure mechanisms, and overall battery systems. The review culminates in a comprehensive summary of the perspective and challenges associated with EC-NMR.