Synergistic effect of ultrasound and reinforced electrical environment by bioinspired periosteum for enhanced osteogenesis via immunomodulation of macrophage polarization through Piezo1

influx through Piezo1. Ultimately, the regenerative effect of the BMC membrane with LIPUS stimulation (BMC + L) was confirmed in a mouse cranial defect model. Together, this research presents a co-engineering strategy that involves fabricating a novel biomimetic periosteum and utilizing the synergistic effect of ultrasound to enhance bone regeneration, which is achieved through the reinforcement of the electrical environment and the immunomodulation of macrophage polarization.