Anti‐angiogenic perfluorocarbon nanoparticles for diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis

Complementary developments in nanotechnology, genomics, proteomics, molecular biology and imaging offer the potential for early, accurate diagnosis. Molecularly-targeted diagnostic imaging agents will allow noninvasive phenotypic characterization of pathologies and, therefore, tailored treatment close to the onset. For atherosclerosis, this includes anti-angiogenic therapy with specifically-targeted drug delivery systems to arrest the development of plaques before they impinge upon the lumen. Additionally, monitoring the application and effects of this targeted therapy in a serial fashion will be important. This review covers the specific application of alpha(nu)beta(3)-targeted anti-angiogenic perfluorocarbon nanoparticles in (1) the detection of molecular markers for atherosclerosis, (2) the immediate verification of drug delivery with image-based prediction of therapy outcomes, and (3) the serial, noninvasive observation of therapeutic efficacy.