Mechanistic exploration of 6-shogaol’s preventive effects on azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium -induced colorectal cancer: involvement of cell proliferation, apoptosis, carcinoembryonic antigen, wingless-related integration site signaling, and oxido-inflammation

Colorectal cancer (CRC) poses a significant global health burden, being the third most prevalent cancer and the second most significant contributor to cancer-related deaths worldwide. Preventive strategies are crucial to combat this rising incidence. 6-shogaol, derived from ginger, has shown promise in preventing and treating various cancers. This study investigated the preventive effects of 6-shogaol on azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced CRC in mice. Forty male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into control, 6-shogaol, AOM + DSS, and 6-shogaol + AOM + DSS. Mice in the control group received corn oil for 16 weeks, while those in the 6-Shogaol group were administered 20 mg/kg of 6-shogaol for 16 weeks. The AOM + DSS group received a single intraperitoneal dose (