Impact of interprofessional education on empathy of pre-licensure healthcare students: A mixed-studies systematic review

In the age of automation and technology, incorporating empathy in pre-licensure healthcare education is essential in providing empathic care to patients and co-workers. This can be achieved through interprofessional education (IPE). To consolidate evidence to evaluate interprofessional education's impact on pre-licensure healthcare students' empathy levels. A mixed-studies systematic review following a convergent segregated approach. Ten electronic databases were searched from their inception until 30 November 2023. Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method studies that explored the impact of IPE on the change in empathy level in pre-licensure healthcare students were reviewed. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Mixed-Method Appraisal Tool. Findings from the qualitative and quantitative aspects were analysed and synthesized separately using thematic and narrative synthesis. The findings were integrated by convergent synthesis. A total of 36 studies involving 3887 participants were included in this review, consisting of five quantitative, 14 qualitative and 17 mixed-methods studies. This review found that IPE enhanced the empathy level of students by improving their understanding of empathy and various empathic responses. Through IPE activities, students demonstrated empathy towards both patients and interprofessional peers. Three themes were generated through the synthesis of qualitative and quantitative results: (1) Empathy Awareness, (2) Internal Empathic Processes, and (3) Intentional Actions. The results showed that healthcare students exhibited empathic care behaviours towards patients and their interprofessional peers. The findings of this review suggested that IPE was effective in improving awareness and knowledge of empathy and in providing empathy care to patients and interprofessional peers. This review encourages educators to implement IPE to pre-licensure healthcare students to increase their knowledge of the importance of providing empathic patient care and interprofessional empathy. Future research could explore more on the processes of interprofessional empathy in students.