Proximity proteomics reveals a mechanism of fatty acid transfer at lipid droplet-mitochondria- endoplasmic reticulum contact sites

Membrane contact sites between organelles are critical for the transfer of biomolecules. Lipid droplets store fatty acids and form contacts with mitochondria, which regulate fatty acid oxidation and adenosine triphosphate production. Protein compartmentalization at lipid droplet-mitochondria contact sites and their effects on biological processes are poorly described. Using proximity-dependent biotinylation methods, we identify 71 proteins at lipid droplet-mitochondria contact sites, including a multimeric complex containing extended synaptotagmin (ESYT) 1, ESYT2, and VAMP Associated Protein B and C (VAPB). High resolution imaging confirms localization of this complex at the interface of lipid droplet-mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum where it likely transfers fatty acids to enable β-oxidation. Deletion of ESYT1, ESYT2 or VAPB limits lipid droplet-derived fatty acid oxidation, resulting in depletion of tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites, remodeling of the cellular lipidome, and induction of lipotoxic stress. These findings were recapitulated in Esyt1 and Esyt2 deficient mice. Our study uncovers a fundamental mechanism that is required for lipid droplet-derived fatty acid oxidation and cellular lipid homeostasis, with implications for metabolic diseases and survival.