Evaluating the efficacy of low-molecular-weight heparin in managing umbilical artery thrombosis during pregnancy: does it offer therapeutic benefits?

Introduction Umbilical artery thrombosis (UAT) is a rare but serious pregnancy complication, potentially causing fetal growth restriction, distress, and stillbirth. Diagnosis relies on Doppler ultrasound and pathological assessment. Close monitoring and potential low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) therapy aim to prolong gestation and improve outcomes, but debate persists on its efficacy compared to expectant management. Methods A retrospective study, conducted between January 2013 and December 2023, enrolled singleton pregnant women diagnosed with UAT during pregnancy. The experiment group included pregnant women who underwent LMWH with anti-coagulation therapy during pregnancy, while the expectant group comprised pregnancies that received standard prenatal care without any specific intervention for UAT. Results The expectant group showed a significant increase in birth weight (expectant vs. experiment: 2434.40 ± 770.20 g vs. 1874.46 ± 717.83 g, P < 0.05) and a significant decrease in the incidence of births before 34 weeks (expectant vs. experiment: 42.24% vs. 82.75%, P < 0.05). Gestational age at birth was notably higher in the expectant group as compared to the experiment group (35.32 ± 3.89 vs. 33.59 ± 4.17), although the difference did not reach statistical significance ( p = 0.110). The multi-factor ANOVA revealed statistically significant effects of anti-coagulation therapy ( F = 4.479, p = 0.039) and gestational age at birth ( F = 179.110, p = 0.000) on birth weight. This study found that the relationship between these variables can be formulated as: birth weight = −3314.782–256.106 × anti-coagulation therapy (coded as 1 if yes and 0 if no) +161.858 × gestational age at birth. Conclusion Our study suggests that expectant therapy may offer substantial benefits compared to experimental therapy involving the administration of LMWH.