Chondrogenesis in primitive tracheal neocartilage: insights from 3D-printed silicone grafts in a large-scale animal model

Chondrogenesis underwent an initial burst of growth together with the perichondrium, constituting a gradual consolidation process. Such a consolidation was supported by the emission of matrix degradation products in the mucosa and submucosa. To summarize our results, we propose a four-stage scheme to characterize the regenerative chondrogenesis of tracheal neocartilage.