Bacterial Membrane Vesicles as Heteroantigen Reservoirs for Potentiated Colorectal Cancer Immunotherapy

T cells and effectively suppressed the growth of orthotopic colorectal cancer, with the tumor inhibition rate reaching 91.6%. These findings demonstrated the potential of bacterial membrane vesicles as heteroantigen reservoirs to activate antitumor immune responses, which could further synergize with ICB for promoted immune efficacy.