Variants in both the N- or C-terminal domains of IHH lead to defective secretion causing short stature and skeletal defects

Abstract Background Heterozygous Indian Hedgehog gene (IHH) variants are associated with brachydactyly type A1 (BDA1). However, in recent years, numerous variants have been identified in patients with short stature and more variable forms of brachydactyly. Many are located in the C-terminal domain of IHH (IHH-C), which lacks signaling activity but is critical for auto-cleavage and activation of the N-terminal (IHH-N) peptide. The absence of functional studies of IHH variants, particularly for those located in IHH-C, has led to these variants being classified as variants of uncertain significance (VUS). Objective To establish a simple functional assay to determine the pathogenicity of IHH VUS and confirm that variants in the C-terminal domain affect protein function. Design/Methods In vitro studies were performed for 9 IHH heterozygous variants, to test their effect on secretion and IHH intracellular processing by western blot of cells expressing each variant. Results IHH secretion was significantly reduced in all mutants, regardless of the location. Similarly, intracellular levels of N-terminal and C-terminal IHH peptides were severely reduced in comparison with the control. Two variants present at a relatively high frequency in the general population also reduced secretion but to a lesser degree in the heterozygous state. Conclusions These studies provide the first evidence that variants in the C-terminal domain affect the secretion capacity of IHH and thus, reduce availability of IHH ligand, resulting in short stature and mild skeletal defects. The secretion assay permits a relatively easy test to determine the pathogenicity of IHH variants. All studied variants affected secretion and interestingly, more frequent population variants appear to have a deleterious effect and thus contribute to height variation.