色胺
色氨酸
犬尿氨酸
生物化学
吲哚试验
喹啉酸
氨基酸
巴比妥酸
烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸
效应器
褪黑素
犬尿氨酸途径
化学
生物
NAD+激酶
酶
内分泌学
作者
Lionella Palego,Laura Betti,Alessandra Rossi,Gino Giannaccini
出处
期刊:Journal of Amino Acids
[Hindawi Limited]
日期:2016-01-12
卷期号:2016: 1-13
被引量:217
摘要
L-Tryptophan is the unique protein amino acid (AA) bearing an indole ring: its biotransformation in living organisms contributes either to keeping this chemical group in cells and tissues or to breaking it, by generating in both cases a variety of bioactive molecules. Investigations on the biology of Trp highlight the pleiotropic effects of its small derivatives on homeostasis processes. In addition to protein turn-over, in humans the pathways of Trp indole derivatives cover the synthesis of the neurotransmitter/hormone serotonin (5-HT), the pineal gland melatonin (MLT), and the trace amine tryptamine. The breakdown of the Trp indole ring defines instead the "kynurenine shunt" which produces cell-response adapters as L-kynurenine, kynurenic and quinolinic acids, or the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)). This review aims therefore at tracing a "map" of the main molecular effectors in human tryptophan (Trp) research, starting from the chemistry of this AA, dealing then with its biosphere distribution and nutritional value for humans, also focusing on some proteins responsible for its tissue-dependent uptake and biotransformation. We will thus underscore the role of Trp biochemistry in the pathogenesis of human complex diseases/syndromes primarily involving the gut, neuroimmunoendocrine/stress responses, and the CNS, supporting the use of -Omics approaches in this field.
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