Identifying high-risk individuals for gastric cancer surveillance from western and eastern perspectives: Lessons to learn and possibility to develop an integrated approach for daily practice

Current evidence shows that individuals with gastric dysplasia, severe and extensive gastric atrophy, extensive gastric intestinal metaplasia and the incomplete subtype of intestinal metaplasia are at high risk for gastric cancer (GC) development.There are several approaches to identifying these subjects, including noninvasive methods, esophagogastroduodenoscopy and histology.The main approach in Western countries is histology-based while that in Eastern countries with a high prevalence of GC is endoscopy-based.Regarding asymptomatic individuals, the key issues in selecting applicable approaches are the ability to reduce GC mortality and the cost-effectiveness of the approach.At present, population-based screening programs have only been applied in a few Asian countries with a high risk of GC.Pre-endoscopic risk assessment based on demographic and clinical features, such as ethnicity, age, gender, smoking and Helicobacter pylori status, is helpful for identifying subjects with high pre-test probability for a possibly cost-effective approach, especially in intermediate-and low-risk countries.Regarding symptomatic patients with indications for esophagogastroduodenoscopy, the importance of opportunistic screening should be emphasized.The combination of endoscopic and histological approaches should always be considered as endoscopy provides a real-time assessment of the patient's risk level.In addition, imaging enhanced endoscopy (IEE) has been shown to facilitate targeted biopsies resulting in better correlation between endoscopic and histological findings.Currently, the use of IEE is recommended for endoscopic examinations, and the Operative Link for Gastric Intestinal