Probiotic-Mediated Immune Regulation in Gastric Cancer: Mechanisms, Synergies With Immunotherapy, and Future Directions

This review examines recent advances in the use of probiotics combined with immune modulation for the prevention and treatment of gastric cancer. It highlights the interactions between gastrointestinal probiotics, including Lactobacillus, and Helicobacter pylori infection, emphasizing their roles in gastric cancer initiation and progression. The article evaluates how probiotics exert anticancer effects by restoring intestinal microecological balance, enhancing mucosal immunity, and suppressing H. pylori. It also discusses preliminary findings on Lactobacillus in colorectal cancer and their potential relevance to gastric cancer research. Finally, the clinical potential of combining probiotics with immunotherapy for gastric cancer is assessed, and future research directions in this rapidly evolving field are proposed.