Metal-organic frameworks conjugated with biomolecules as efficient platforms for development of biosensors

Recent developments in the field of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have renewed the interests of scientists to bring about a major breakthrough in this field soon. These particles consist of ultra-highly porous and tremendous internal surface areas with extraordinary variabilities that make them highly potent compounds in nanomedicine. Moreover, low weight, large free volumes, and multiple functionalities of these particles have made them extremely attractive for various applications. Along with a critical role in the adsorption and separation of different analytes, they also have an immense role in the development of biosensor platforms that are expected to pave the way for accurate and sensitive detection of various analytes. Hence, this review intends to highlight recent advances on the core structural characteristics and physio-chemical features of MOFs and their functional applications in developing electrochemical, optical, and colorimetric MOF-based sensing and biosensing assays via different recognition elements. Moreover, the effects of various modification/fractionalization methods on the performance of MOFs, as well as challenges and problems in their clinical application are discussed. Furthermore, this paper attempts to divulge the main concepts and applications that have been accomplished to modify and apply MOFs in biosensing platforms in future.