Virome analysis of ticks and tick-borne viruses in Heilongjiang and Jilin Provinces, China

Ticks transmit diverse human and animal pathogens, leading to an increasing number of public health concerns. In the forest area of northeast China, the spread of tick-borne diseases (TBDs) is severe; however, little is known about the tick virome composition and evolution. Herein, we investigate the geographical distribution of tick species and related viruses in Heilongjiang and Jilin Provinces in Northeast China. To reveal the diversity of tick-borne viruses in parts of Heilongjiang and Jilin, ticks were collected at 9 collection points in these provinces in 2018. Morphology and molecular biology were used to identify tick species, and 1411 ticks from nine sampling sites were collected and analysed by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Four Ixodidae were identified, including Ixodes persulcatus, Haemaphysalis japonica, Dermacentor silvarum, and Haemaphysalis concinna. After removal of host genome sequences, 13,003 high-quality NGS reads were obtained and annotated as viruses. Further phylogenetic analysis based on amplicons revealed that these viral sequences belong to Beiji nairovirus, Alongshan virus, bovine parvovirus-2, and tick-associated circovirus; some distinct sequences are closely related to Songling virus, Changping tick virus, Norway luteo-like virus 2, and Norway partiti-like virus 1. In summary, this study describes the prevalence of local ticks and variety of tick-borne viruses in northeastern China, providing a basis for further research on tick-borne viruses in the future.