The effectiveness of e-health on reducing stigma, improving social support and quality of life among people living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Many people living with HIV reported poor quality of life, which was primarily due to HIV-related stigma and the lack of social support. Compared with face-to-face interventions, e-health interventions are reported to have potential to help people living with HIV improve their adherence to antiretroviral therapy, promote their management of HIV and depressive symptoms. However, in the literature, the effectiveness of e-health interventions in helping people living with HIV reduce stigma, improve social support and quality of life is unclear. To examine the effectiveness of e-health interventions in reducing stigma and improving social support and quality of life among people living with HIV. Design: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials following the Cochrane Handbook guidelines and PRISMA2020. A comprehensive search was conducted from inception to 1st December 2022 in six databases: PubMed, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, PsycINFO (Ovid), Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL (Ovid), and an updated search took place on 11st June 2023. Two authors independently screened the studies and extracted the data. Cochrane's bias risk tool for randomized controlled trials was used to examine the methodological quality of the included studies. The intervention effect was estimated by calculating the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) using Review Manager 5.3. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to test the rigor of the pooled results using one-study-out method. The certainty of evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Nine studies met eligibility criteria and were included in this review. The results of the meta-analysis showed that e-health interventions could statistically significantly reduce stigma (SMD: − 0.29, 95 % CI: [− 0.48, − 0.10], p = 0.002) and improve quality of life (SMD = 0.49, 95 % CI: [0.30, 0.68], P < 0.001), but had no significant effects on social support (SMD = − 0.01, 95 % CI: [− 0.48, 0.46] P = 0.96). E-health interventions could reduce stigma and improve quality of life among people living with HIV. More studies are needed to further explore if e-health interventions can improve the social support for people living with HIV and investigate how to integrate e-health interventions into the existing health models to help people living with HIV treat and manage HIV/AIDS. The protocol of this study has been registered in the database PROSPERO (registration ID: CRD42022373299).